Scientists Discover How Plants Tailor Growth to the Seasons

    ST. LOUIS, MO, February 05, 2016 /24-7PressRelease/ -- Dmitri A. Nusinow, Ph.D., assistant member at the Danforth Plant Science Center and researchers in his lab studying plants' circadian clock have discovered a gene that allows plants to remember daylight during the long nights of winter, helping them tailor their growth appropriately to the seasons. The gene, PCH1 accumulates at dusk and stabilizes light signals in the early hours of the night, keeping the plant from growing too much during extended dark periods. The findings were published today in a paper titled, "PCH1 integrates circadian and light-signaling pathways to control photoperiod-responsive growth in Arabidopsis," by lead author He Huang, post-doctoral associate and senior author, Nusinow in the open access journal eLife. Nusinow and his team discovered PCH1 in the model plant Arabidopsis, but found that other plants, including rice, have the same gene.

Plants respond to seasonal change in day length by flowering and changing growth patterns. Dawn can occur anywhere from eight hours after dusk in the long days of summer to sixteen hours after dusk in winter and plants have to adapt to seasonal changes in day length to time their growth properly. PCH1 serves as a "molecular memory" of the light plants absorb during the day, delaying the start of growth during long nights. Without PCH1, plants grow more than is ideal during long nights, making a spindly plant that is not as sturdy as those with PCH1.

"Our goal is to manipulate PCH1 in crops to extend the range of latitudes--which have different lengths of day over the growing season--where crops are grown effectively," said Nusinow. "The plants we study are not growing during the day, because they are concentrated on photosynthesis; instead, they grow fastest in the hours just before dawn."

In humans and other animals, light signals perceived in the eye train a master clock in the brain, which coordinates the daily cycles of many bodily processes. "In plants it's a much more intimate system where every cell is affected," said Nusinow. Without a central nervous system, the coordinated response to day length and seasonal changes across the whole plant rely on each cell training itself to the sun. These behaviors include photosynthesis, flowering and growth.

Next the Nusinow lab wants to determine if PCH1 behaves the same in crop species such as soybean, with the goal of making it easier to adapt different crops to grow best at any latitude. As a warming climate changes the temperature--but not the day length--at higher latitudes, this kind of adaptation may prove useful for keeping crops productive.

"As much as global warming will affect climate, it will never change the angle of the sun," Nusinow stated.

Contributing/Additional Authors:
Rebecca Bindbeutel and Bradley Evans , Danforth Plant Science Center
Sophie Alvarez and Michael Naldrett, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Chan Yul Yoo and Meng Chen, University of California, Riverside
Allison Tielking, high-school student at Mary Institute and St. Louis County Day School in St. Louis, MO
Jessica Goldsworthy, undergraduate at Michigan State University, and 2015 NSF summer research fellow at the Danforth Plant Science Center.

This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (IOS-1456796) to the Nusinow Laboratory, (DBI-1156581) to Sona Pandey, Ph.D., associate member, Danforth Center in support of the Research Experiences as Undergraduates program and the National Institute of Health (R01GM087388) to the Chen Laboratory.

About The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center
Founded in 1998, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center is a not-for-profit research institute with a mission to improve the human condition through plant science. Research, education and outreach aim to have impact at the nexus of food security and the environment, and position the St. Louis region as a world center for plant science. The Center's work is funded through competitive grants from many sources, including the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 

To keep up to date with Danforth Center's current operations and areas of research, please visit, www.danforthcenter.org, featuring information on Center scientists, news, and the "Roots & Shoots" blog. Follow us on Twitter at @DanforthCenter. 

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